SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT


What is solid waste?

 

Any useless unwanted discarded material that is not a liquid or gas is referred to as solid waste/refuse.
Solid waste management includes the process of generation, collection, storage, transport and disposal or reused, recirculation incineration or any relevant methods of disposal. (WHO 1971)

Classification of Solid Waste:

 

  • Garbage:-  Putrecible waste (degradable).
  • Rubbish:- non-putrecible waste either combustible or non combustible.
  • Ashes:-
  • Large waste:- demolition and construction waste, automobile, furniture, e-waste etc.
  • Dead animals:-
  • Sewage sludge:- screening waste, settled solid, sludge etc.
  • Industrial waste:- chemicals, paint, explosive etc.
  • Agricultural waste:-
  • Hazardous waste:-  institute, hospital, industries, lab etc.
  • Street waste:- plastic, papers, etc. 

Mismanagement and side effects:

 

Solid waste is an important facet of environmental hygiene and it needs to be integrated with total environmental planning.
Its storage, collection, transport, treatment, and disposal can lead to short term risks.
In long run there may be dangers arising particularly from the chemical pollution of water supplies.
Problem connected with refuse storage in buildings were insect, rats, flies and odour caused human health and aquatic system. 
Bad smell due to released of hydrogen sulphide during decomposition irritate our body.

Disease transmission is another risk associated as the decomposing organic waste attracts animals, vermin’s and flies and it also provides flies/mosquito as a major breeding ground.
Pollution:- Poor management of collection and disposal of solid waste may lead to leaching pollution of surface or ground water.
It is also a factor in creating a fire hazard with lots of smoke, danger and pollution.
Effects on morale:- The effects of living in an unhygienic and untidy environment may lead people to become demoralize and less motivated to improve conditions around them as waste attracts more waste.

Factor on types and quantity of waste:

 

  • The types and quantity of waste generated in emergency situation varies greatly.
  • Geographical region (developed/ less developed/ developing region/countries).
  • Socio-cultural pratice and material levels among affected population.
  • Seasonal variation (affecting types of food available).
  • The stage of emergency (volume and composition of waste may change over time).
  • The packing of food rations.

Initial steps for management:

  • Identifying the types of waste.
  • Identifying the source of waste.
  • Determine the potential health hazards from waste.
  • Determine the volume of waste generated.
  • Identify safe transportation method.
  • Indentify safe collection method.
  • Indentify safe disposal method.
And recycling and re utility in most possible way.
While handing protective measure like appropriate clothing and equipments, water and soaps should be well maintain.

Some of the options that can be practice among our society are like:

 

  • On- Site Disposal option- these may be adopted for the particular site.
  • Communal pit disposal- the simplest communal solid waste management is system where consumers disposed of waste directly into a communal pit. This size of pit depends on the side of population and the number of people it serves. The long term recommended objective is six cubic meter per fifty people. And should be properly fence for safety. Ideally waste should be covered weekly at least with a thin layer of soil to minimize the flies and other pests.
  • Family pit disposal-wet and dry and utility as compost.
  • Off-site disposal option like land filling can be locate at least two kilometer downwind of the nearest dwelling with all safety measures including the medium of transportation. (Human power/animal/motorized) to dump the waste in safe manner.

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